ANALYSIS OF SOURCES ON THE HISTORY OF SCHOOL EDUCATION IN THE TERRITORY OF CHUVASHIA (late XVIII – first third of the XX century)

DOI: 10.47026/2712-9454-2024-5-1-95-104

УДК 373.1(091)(470.344)“18/20”

ББК Ч403(2Рос.Чув)ю1

Alevtina P. ZYKINA

Key words

history of school education, territory of Chuvashia, normative legal documents, archival documents, statistical sources

Abstract

School education system in Russia passed a difficult and thorny path in its evolvement and development. Compared with its Western European counterpart, domestic secondary school has a shorter history. In our country, the first primary and secondary educational institutions providing general education appeared only at the end of the XVIII century. Throughout the XIX century, they were repeatedly reformed; as a result, noticeable quantitative and qualitative changes took place. However, despite this, we can talk about certain continuity in the evolution of the Russian school until the beginning of the XX century. The fundamental breakdown of established general education system occurred as a result of the establishment of Soviet power. During the 1920s and 1930s, all levels and links of the education sector were reorganized.

The purpose of the study is to analyze historical sources on the problem of formation and development of the general school education system in the territory of modern Chuvashia.

Materials and methods. The study was carried out on the basis of regulatory and archival documents. In our work, we relied on the principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity, considering events in their historical interrelation, analyzing diverse historical sources on the topic of research. Historical-comparative and historical-typological methods of research were used. Based on them, it was possible to identify the main groups of sources and give them a scientific analysis.

The scientific novelty is determined by the fact that in regional historiography, it is for the first time that the main groups of historical sources on the topic of evolvement and development of the general school education system in the region are analyzed starting from the end of the XVIII century and up to the 1920s, i.e. until the time of creating the Soviet school education system. Most archival sources are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

Study results. The article characterizes two main groups of historical sources on the topic «The History of School Education in Russia». These are regulatory documents and archival materials. They are the most multinomial and important for studying the topic. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that its main provisions can help to better understand the current state and prospects for the development of domestic educational system. The results obtained can also be used to develop generalizing works on the history and culture of the region. This study is not exhaustive. In the future, it is necessary to pay attention to such interesting groups of historical documents as memoirs, letters and memoirs of participants in the educational process, i.e. teachers, students and educational organizers of the late XVIII – first third of the XX century.

Conclusions. Historical sources on the topic «The History of School Education in the Territory of Modern Chuvashia at the end of the XVIII – first third of the XX century» are numerous and diverse. They are representative, giving the opportunity to study different aspects of the topic and help to recreate the general course of the regional school development the within the period under review and identify its specifics.

References

1. Direktivy VKP(b) i postanovleniya Sovetskogo pravitel’stva o narodnom obrazovanii. Sbornik dokumentov za 1917–1947 gg. [Directives of the CPSU(b) and resolutions of the Soviet government on public education. Collection of documents for 1917–1947]. Moscow. Leningrad, 1947, Iss. 1, 320 p.
2. Narodnoe obrazovanie v Kazanskoi gubernii [Public education in the Kazan province]. Kazan, 1905, 211 p.
3. Narodnoe obrazovanie v SSSR. Obshcheobrazovatel’naya shkola: Sbornik dokumentov 1917–1973 [Public education in the USSR. Secondary school: Collection of documents. 1917–1973]. Moscow, Pedagogika Publ., 1974, 559 p.
4. Danev M., comp. Narodnoe obrazovanie. Osnovnye postanovleniya, prikazy i instruktsii [Public education. Basic resolutions, orders and instructions]. Moscow, Uchpedgiz Publ., 1948, 478 p.
5. O neprinimanii iz uchitelei, koi na kazennom izhdivenii k sei dolzhnosti priugotovleny, krome nastoyashchego ikh zvaniya, v druguyu sluzhbu bez tochnogo na to pozvoleniya Komissii ob uchilishchakh [On the non-acceptance of teachers who are state-dependent for this position, in addition to their present rank, to another service without the exact permission of the Commission on schools]. In: Polnoe sobranie zakonov [The Complete Collection of Laws]. St. Peterburg, 1830, vol. 24, p. 688.
6. Ob otkrytii narodnykh uchilishch [The Complete Collection of Laws]. In: Polnoe sobranie zakonov [The Complete Collection of Laws]. St. Peterburg, 1830, vol. 22, p. 672.
7. Ob uchrezhdenii Komissii dlya zavedeniya v Rossii narodnykh uchilishch [On the establishment of a Commission for the establishment of public schools in Russia]. Polnoe sobranie zakonov [The Complete Collection of Laws]. St. Peterburg, 1830, vol. 21, p. 664.
8. Odnodnevnaya perepis’ nachal’nykh shkol v imperii, proizvedennaya 18 yanvarya 1911 goda [One-day census of primary schools in the Empire, made on January 18, 1911]. St. Peterburg, 1913, iss. VI, 84 p.
9. Polozhenie o nachal’nykh narodnykh uchilishchakh 1864 g. Sbornik postanovlenii po Ministerstvu narodnogo prosveshcheniya [Regulations on primary public schools of 1864. Collection of resolutions on the Ministry of Public Education. Vol. III: 1855–1864]. St. Peterburg, 1865, Article 1226–1281.
10. Polozhenie o nachal’nykh narodnykh uchilishchakh 1874 g. [Regulations on primary public schools of 1874]. Polnoe sobranie zakonov. Sobranie vtoroe [The complete collection of laws. Second Meeting]. St. Peterburg, 1877, 49, section 1, pp. 836–840.
11. Annin , comp. Pravila o tserkovnoprikhodskikh shkolakh 1884 g. Svod glavneishikh zakonopolozhenii i rasporyazhenii o nachal’nykh narodnykh uchilishchakh i uchitel’skikh seminariyakh [Rules on parish schools of 1884. The Code of the most important legal provisions and orders on primary public schools and teachers’ seminaries. Part 1. 3^rd ed.]. St. Peterburg, 1890, pp. 228–239.
12. Predpolozhenie ob otkrytii glavnykh narodnykh uchilishch v 16 guberniyakh. 30 oktyabrya 1786 g. Sbornik materialov dlya istorii prosveshcheniya v Rossii [The assumption about the opening of the main public schools in 16 provinces. October 30, 1786. Collection of materials for the history of enlightenment in Russia. 4 vols.]. St. Peterburg, 1893, vol. 1, Article 16–17.
13. Sbornik materialov dlya istorii prosveshcheniya v Rossii [Collection of materials for the history of enlightenment in Russia. 4 vols.]. St. Peterburg, 1893, vol. 1, 577 p.
14. Kuz’menko , comp. Sbornik postanovlenii i rasporyazhenii po real’nym uchilishcham Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya za 1875–1909 gg. [Collection of resolutions and orders on real schools of the Ministry of Public Education for 1875–1909]. Moscow, 1910, 503 p.
15. Charnoluskii V.I., L’vov I. Spravochnik narodnogo uchitelya: Sbornik postanovlenii i rasporyazhenii po narodnomu obrazovaniyu [Handbook of the national teacher: Collection of resolutions and orders on public education]. Moscow, Rabotnik prosveshcheniya Publ., 1925, 158 p.
16. Statisticheskie tablitsy Rossiiskoi imperii, sostavlennye i izdannye po rasporyazheniyu ministra vnutrennikh del Statisticheskim otdelom Tsentral’nogo statisticheskogo komiteta [Statistical tables of the Russian Empire compiled and published by order of the Minister of Internal Affairs by the Statistical Department of the Central Statistical Committee]. St. Peterburg, 1858, 300 p.
17. Tablitsy uchebnykh zavedenii vsekh vedomstv Rossiiskoi imperii, s pokazaniem otnosheniya chisla uchashchikhsya k chislu zhitelei [Tables of educational institutions of all departments of the Russian Empire, showing the ratio of the number of students to the number of residents]. St. Peterburg, 1838, 109 p.
18. Ustav gimnazii i progimnazii vedomstva Ministerstva Narodnogo Prosveshcheniya» 1864 g. Sbornik postanovlenii po Ministerstvu narodnogo prosveshcheniya [Charter of gymnasiums and progymnasiums of the department of the Ministry of Public Education” 1864. Collection of resolutions on Ministry of Public Education]. St. Peterburg, 1865, vol. III, Article 1301–1351.
19. Ustav gimnazii i progimnazii vedomstva ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya» 1871 g. Sbornik postanovlenii i rasporyazhenii po gimnaziyam i progimnaziyam vedomstva Miniserstva narodnogo prsveshcheniya [Charter of gymnasiums and progymnasiums of the department of the Ministry of Public Education” 1871. Collection of resolutions and orders on gymnasiums and progymnasiums of the Department of the Ministry of Education]. St. Peterburg, 1874, pp. 16–69.
20. Ustav gimnazii i uchilishch, uezdnykh i prikhodskikh ot 8 dekabrya 1828 goda [Charter of gymnasiums and colleges, county and parish of December 8, 1828]. In: Polnoe sobranie zakonov. Sobranie vtoroe [The Complete Collection of Laws. Second Meeting]. St. Peterburg, 1830, vol. 3, pp. 1099–1127.
21. Ustav narodnym uchilishcham Rossiiskoi imperii 5 avgusta 1786 g. [The Charter of the national schools of the Russian Empire August 5, 1786]. In: Polnoe sobranie zakonov [The Complete Collection of Laws]. St. Peterburg, 1830, vol. 22, pp. 646–669.
22. Arsent’eva A.V., Petryankina P., comps. Ustav uchebnykh zavedenii, podvedomykh universitetam 1804 goda [The Charter of educational institutions subordinate to universities in 1804]. Shkol’noe obrazovanie v Rossii v kontse XVIII–XIX vv.: sb. dok. [School education in Russia at the end of the XVIII-XIX centuries]. Cheboksary, Chuvash State Univesity Publ., 2005, pp. 29–61.
23. Yankovich F.I. Pravila dlya uchashchikhsya v narodnykh uchilishchakh [Rules for students in public schools]. St. Peterburg, 1782, 24 p.
24. Yankovich F.I. Rukovodstvo uchitelyam pervogo i vtorogo klassov narodnykh uchilishch Rossiiskoi imperii, izdannoe po vysochaishemu poveleniyu [Manual for teachers of the first and second grades of public schools of the Russian Empire, published by the highest command]. Peterburg, 1807, 145 p.

Information about the author

Alevtina P. Zykina – Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Russian History, Chuvash State University, Russia, Cheboksary (alevtina-pet@mail.ru; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3486-706X).

For citations

Zykina A.P. ANALYSIS OF SOURCES ON THE HISTORY OF SCHOOL EDUCATION IN THE TERRITORY OF CHUVASHIA (late XVIII – first third of the XX century). Historical Search, 2024, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 95–104. DOI: 10.47026/2712-9454-2024-5-1-95-104 (in Russian).

Download the full article